نشریه مطالعات راهبردی فرهنگ
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1400)

The present article deal with the obstacles and challenges of cultural development in Iran during the Islamic Republic. The issue of development has been discussed not only in the field of development sociology, but also in many fields of sociology and social sciences. The issue of development is one of the most important issues in the humanities and social spheres. Iranian society, like other developing societies, has been seeking development in recent decades. Historically, it can be argued that the development process in Iran has started from the Qajar period, especially since the constitutional movement. The main argument of this article is that in the light of the establishment of a new political order after the Islamic Revolution, the role of cultural variables in the formation of the Islamic Revolution has been very prominent, To the extent that many scholars have interpreted the fundamental roots of the event of the revolution in a network of cultural components and variables mixed with religious values. A cultural revolution that has faced significant challenges and obstacles in its development due to the dominance of conflicting paradigms (Iranian, Islamic, and Western). The present study seeks to investigate and answer the main question of what were the main cultural barriers in the governments of the Islamic Republic that prevented Iranian society from achieving cultural development and what are the most important ones. In this study, using the method of discourse analysis, the relationship between cultural development and social development in the Islamic Republic has been investigated. The research method in this article is descriptive, analytical, and collecting information from library resources as well as citing the principled policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the subject of culture. The purpose of this article is to understand, discover, influence, and realize the fundamental and hidden roots of cultural underdevelopment in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Findings show that despite the mental attitude of the founders of the revolution to implement policies and make progressive laws in the field of cultural development, components such as the weakness of civil society, fundamentalism, and conservatism, application of contradictory cultural policies in different governments, incorrect legislate, the politicization of culture and historical obstacles are the most important obstacles and challenges to the country's cultural development.

Generation gap refers to social distance, and social conflict between parents and their heart generations over cultural, social, economic, and political issues. According to the results of 40 studies, Iranian society has experienced a generational and intergenerational gap due to normative value changes. The main purpose of this study is to study the factors affecting the intergenerational gap  during 2004-2020. The research method is quantitative and its instrument is a reverse questionnaire and meta-analysis software has been used to estimate the effect size. The statistical population is 80 studies, of which 40 research documents have been selected by non-probabilistic sampling method due to their surveyability, correlation coefficient and sample size and acceptable significance level. The results show that between the structural crisis (social distance, patriarchal system, intergenerational conflict); Social capital (intergenerational trust, intergenerational participation, intergenerational cohesion); Cultural capital; Economic capital; Modernity (mass media, demonstrative consumption, individualism, modern lifestyle, cosmopolitanism, postmodern values); Value-normative issues (reference group model, religious affiliation, sociability); And multiple anomie (social anomie, family anomie, identity anomie) has a significant relationship with the intergenerational gap. The overall effect of the research on the generation gap is equal to 20%.

In modern societies, where couples are mainly able to decide on the number and timing of having children, fertility intentions and desires are the most important determinants of reproductive behavior. This study aims to investigate fertility intentions and its determinates and limitations among married people in Iran. For this purpose, the National Family Survey data were analyzed which was conducted in 2018. The results showed that about 30% of childless people and 48% of people who have one child do not want to have a child/another child. Findings also revealed a negative relationship between education and fertility intentions. Fertility preferences were higher among Sunnis and males compared to Shiites and females. life satisfaction and marital relationship happiness also significantly affect the childbearing desire. The most important reasons for unwillingness to have children include: "problems and worries related to children and their future", "work conditions and opportunity costs", "relationships between couples" and "health and physical problems". Accordingly, policymakers need to implement policy packages to help families cover childcare costs and paid work and childrearing reconciliation to increase fertility to the replacement level.

The main question of this research is what factors affect the consumerism of cosmetics in Iran. The method of this research is a combination of methods of document analysis and systematic review, documentary and historical study, meta-analysis and interview. Combining and aggregating complementary data from findings from different sources led to various factors involved in this phenomenon. The classification of these factors under the three categories of reinforcers, facilitators and barriers was in order to lead to a proper separation of factors and thus extract and introduce more key factors. Social and cultural context and values, the role of the actor, and the influence of the media can be considered as more important factors in this field. In fact, social context is an important factor in motivating people to use cosmetics as a choice, alternative, or coercion. On the other hand, it is the actor who sometimes actively or passively turns to the consumption of cosmetics, in which the role of the media is evident. Ideally, if the values ​​and context of society are based on meritocracy and the actor is fully aware of the desired functions of cosmetics, makeup and consumption of cosmetics is considered as a phenomenon with optimal function and in line with the strengthening of values ​​and social norms. This will prevent the extremism of consumerism in this area.

In this study, we seek to answer the question of how the introduction of new concepts has led to the desecration of relations with the opposite sex in the transition from tradition to modernity in Iran. Relationships with the opposite sex have always been one of the constant issues of human beings who have experienced certain developments in different circumstances and times; Iran is no exception to this rule. Among these developments and changes, we can mention the transition of this model of relationship from tradition to modernity, which is influenced by factors such as social change, generation gap, transition from patriarchy to filial piety, and finally the process of globalization with the introduction of foreign words into Iranian culture. Sugar Daddy, Sugar Midwifery, etc.) have to some extent devalued these relationships. Certainly, such developments are contrary to Iranian culture, and from the point of view of the teachings of Islamic criminology, such relations are acceptable only in the form of sharia and law.

In the study, we have studied the peace or the anti-war posters of Iranian and American designers. Beyond the analysis of the visual elements, At the level of poster interpretation the question of whether the selected works have utopian, or dystopian aspects in showing the peace or antiwar messages, is answered. Mehdi Saeedi's posters lead us to move from the obvious level of visual elements to the levels of hidden content, with meanings such as criticizing and questioning the idea of peace in the societies. In Ghobad Shiva's peace posters, the language of the image is universal. In other words, the artist seeks a design and style that involves international taste. In his poster collection, Seymour Chowst also shares the idea that human beings can’t be safe from war and the harm and destruction of military weapons. Glaser also used body language to express his ideas and concepts, which are often shared. The form of the bird of peace in the universal language is a common understanding in all the states but the hands perform the new utopian idea of peace. Mehdi Saeedi`s posters and American works rely more on dystopian aspects. Ghobad Shiva has not taken a critical approach to the symbol of world peace. By following the symbol of world peace, he has paid more attention to the utopian aspects. So the Americans and Saeedi took a critical view and relied on dystopian aspects. So they did predict that human beings' destiny will go to the dystopian aspects.